THE GAME OF THE FUTURE
By Emanuel Lasker
Chess, the game of dreamers, comes from Asia, the home of all exquisite dreams
of mankind. There originated philosophy and religion. Asia, indeed, is the
mother of all our civilization; she discovered the reality and the power of
justice and wisdom. Her misfortune is that her people have grown indolent and of
dimmed perception. The modern nations believe in labor and accuracy of
observation, hence their progress. Asia believes and has always believed in mind
and spirit; she has created astronomy, mathematics, physics, a philosophy of art
and life, and she has brought forth such men as Hammurabi, Buddha, Zoroaster and
Confucius; but finally her strength became her weakness, by exaggeration. Had
Bacon lived in Asia and taught his great lesson of the value of observation and
experiment to the peoples beyond the Ural and the Behring Straits, the map of
the world would probably be very different now. Yet, notwithstanding her failure
to comprehend the power of discovering and correcting the errors of imagination
and theory exerted by events as they actually occur, Asia is a vital factor in
the world. The ideas of her ancient great men grow stronger as the years roll
by. And of her fine dreams, Asia has had none subtler than the infinitely
misunderstood, lightly esteemed, but ever- progressing and developing game of
chess.
Some strategist, now long forgotten, invented the game to demonstrate
concretely the power of the intellect in directing the movements of
antagonizing forces. Whether he divined all that his thought implied, or not,
he set himself a monument forever, though he forgot to carve his name on it.
In the pleasing form of a game, he has given to the world the clay in which to
mould strategic ideas.
The rules of chess are known to many, though only
superficially. The game is played by two opponents, on a square board divided
into eight-by-eight compartments, with pieces of various shapes that are moved
on the sixty-four squares according to certain rules. The players alternate in
moving the pieces. As the game proceeds, they capture opposing pieces and
remove them from the board. The object of the game is to capture the piece
called the "king". Whoever achieves it wins. The rules are meant to imitate
the mobility and the capacity for fighting possessed by soldiers of the
antique type; but the particularities of the construction of the rules do not
really matter, since they have no bearing on the intellectual content of the
game and the intention of its unknown inventor to make it a game of combat and
strategy.
Chess is the most ancient game known; it has survived until our
time and its popularity is rapidly progressing among all civilized nations;
its vitality bespeaks its competency to be the game of the future. Other facts
add to the probability of its attaining this goal. The combative spirit finds
in it innocent expression. It teaches strategy by experiments, as it were. And
that its lessons are based on reason and true to nature may be shown by a
rigid analysis which will here be attempted.
The events of a contest, though
they impress first by the changes in power, wealth and happiness produced by
them, have their most permanent influence in the moral they convey. Thus the
incidents of the struggle for tolerance waged by the Christian Church against
the Roman Empire have been forgotten, but the lesson of its outcome, that the
welfare of society is based rather on love and charity than on power, has been
an active force in the life of the world ever since. Again, though Galileo
died in enforced retirement and was held as the vanquished in the opinion of
his contemporaries, his last words, "E pur si muove", forever acclaim the
liberty of the search for truth from the interference of dogma. And again,
though the political changes of the French Revolution have been effaced, that
event has left a lasting inheritance in the principle that opportunity must be
equal for all.
However struggles might vary in their outward circumstances,
there is a near relationship, amounting to almost an identity, in the moral
lessons which they teach. From that aspect, war, competition, the search for
beauty or truth, are akin to the game of chess. This is because the world is
constructed on a principle of simplicity, economy and harmony. Though
convictions as to the nature of the cosmic makeup cannot be deduced by logic,
since they are basic and therefore unable to rest on other and simpler
convictions, what here is assumed is in accord with often-repeated experience
and with the profoundest thought of our best men who seek for unity and law,
and for simplicity in that law, in physics, chemistry, biology and art. Hence
we are at liberty to suppose the essential identity of the interpretation to
be put on the successive and related events of struggles.
This liberty does
not, of course, imply the license to extend any possible reading of the moral
of the happenings of a contest to other contests. The principle asserts only
that there is a way of interpreting a struggle so that the interpretation
refers to all possible struggles - that, in other words, the story of every
combat is an allegory, if the idea it conveys be rightly comprehended.
This
view of the world is made compelling for him who passes through the evolution
of a chess-player, and it is elaborated in detail by the modern theory and art
of chess-play.
A beginner in chess moves without a purpose; he is guided by
chance only. After many trials, he learns that it is profitable to capture
opposing men and detrimental to lose his own, since the men represent so many
resources for effecting the checkmate. Thus an appreciation of the first
strategic law, that superiority of force is an advantage, is slowly evolved in
him, but, at the outset, in a very imperfect state. Yet, such as he knows it,
it serves the very useful purpose of surprising him by its failures to apply.
He is thus led to think; and he finally comprehends that it is not the number
of men that decides the issue, but the activity which they display in the
fighting. He sees that the greater activity usually goes with the greater
number, but that it depends on other factors also. He tries to detect these
other factors. The mystery incites his imagination; each game for him is a
search for truth that he dimly perceives, but which ever seems to evade
capture.
When the mind is in this state of wonder, chess exerts a great
charm on it; the impression of truth or natural law at its first
half-unconscious inception is ecstasy - in fact, all ecstasy comes from
incipient mental movements. The sentiment gains in strength when blind chance
is eliminated. Since all factors that determine the outcome of a game of chess
are subject to analysis and reason, the practise of chess is rich with the
delight that comes from the hunting for evasive truths.
If the chess-player,
arrived at this stage, has talent, experienced players say of him that he can
see "combinations" and that he is full of surprises, but that he lacks
"strength". His moves are individually fine, but they have no coherence; he is
imaginative, but gives no evidence of being logical. As a chess-player, he is
in the state of a savage whose senses are perfectly developed and whose mind
is waking up to the perception of philosophic truth. When, by earnest and
honest effort, he advances further, he is struck by the logic of events on the
chess-board; he shapes himself a philosophy of chess, and thus, unconsciously,
lays the foundation for a "style" of his own. From a tactician he becomes a
strategist; instead of merely knowing how to profit skillfully from
opportunities, he learns how to prepare them.
This evolution requires
will-power and honesty, for there is constant temptation to slide into the
easy path of opportunism. The acquired imaginative tactical skill is
sufficient to win many games by setting "traps" or concocting surprising
devices; and many players are therefore arrested from further development at
this stage. Only he who is not content to win, but desires to win "by force"-
that is, against any possible defence - ever overcomes the obstacles that
vanity of applauded achievement, a desire to shirk irksome labor and other
opposing factors pile in his way.
If the growing chessmaster, in this
struggle against himself, is victorious, his brain gathers, from his
experiences over the board and in analysis, a store of well-defined and true
chess-impressions; if vanity and uncritical subjectiveness overcome him, the
impressions that he stores bear the stamp of these faults. Thus his "position
judgment" is formed, and if correct, it enables him, at a glance, to decide
which side in a given position has an advantage; and his memory is stocked
with a series of manoeuvres and procedures adapted to certain types of
positions and calculated to drive certain advantages home. Thus he learns how
to methodically win an isolated pawn, or to exchange pieces when the endgame
is favorable, or to mass his pieces for an attack against the king, or to
advance a chain of pawns on one of the wings, with his officers placed
securely
but effectively behind them, etc. For the execution of these operations he
needs the imaginative faculty developed in the early stage of his evolution,
and, in addition, the ability to form a plan and to follow it systematically
to its logical end. In his final stage, he studies the merits and shortcomings
of such plans, and he discovers that, to be successful, they must be founded
on a quality akin to justice. He observes that no attack, however brilliantly
executed or ingeniously conceived, can succeed by force unless it is based on
a superiority of the aggressor, or on a weakness of the opponent's position.
Thus the master learns to abstain from attacks that lure the weaker players,
but he acquires that economy of effort which makes the attacks that he
undertakes direct and vehement and hard to repulse.
If "chess" were replaced
in the foregoing discussion by struggle of another name and the technical
details of the one substituted for the other, the description would still
remain true. Acquisition of skill or knowledge or moral ideas follows
essentially the same pathways independent of the subject or environment. The
phases of evolution comprise always a technical or tactical part; a process of
deepening imagination so that it becomes fit to discover a logical plan, or
programme,
of operations; a comparative study of such plans; and , lastly, the
acquisition of the greatest economy in their execution.
And the forces which oppose progress are essentially the same as in chess;
the subjective view, prejudice, temptation to obtain cheap successes, striving
for applause rather than for sterling achievement, a desire to shirk labor that
is unrewarded except in furthering self-evolution.
The theory of chess teaches
the principle of measuring the values of the pieces by their capacity for
achievement, and that a player of infinite skill would obtain from his pieces
a degree of useful activity in exact proportion to these capacities. It
asserts the extreme importance of economy of effort in defence, of justice in
offense and of economy of time, or rather of "tempo", in development. It thus
reads like a philosophy or a code of morality.
Hence, chess is a mirror of life; it shows how existence would be if chance
were entirely eliminated, and opportunity even. To this extent it pictures the
various phases of life true in every detail. The whole drama of temptation, sin
and punishment, of conflict, effort and victory of justice, is there depicted in
miniature.
Such a game can never die; and, as the world advances, and mind and
intellect attain progressively higher values, the practice of chess, with its
facility for easy entertainment, and with the variety of its deeply human and
yet logical parts, is bound to become the universal pastime.
